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John Dalton byl britský chemik a fyzik, známý především svou obhajobou atomové teorie.

Své rozsáhlé vědomosti získal jako samouk, později působil jako učitel, soukromý učenec a sekretář, od roku 1817 byl předsedou Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.

Nejprve se zabýval meteorologií, později zkoumal fyzikální vlastnosti kapalin a plynů. V roce 1801 objevil tzv. Daltonův zákon parciálních tlaků a v tomtéž roce vyslovil i atomovou teorii, podle které mají všechny atomy jednoho prvku stejnou hmotnost. Tato teorie byla v souladu s dosavadními výsledky pokusů ukazující, že při slučování prvků narůstá úměrně hmotnost výsledné sloučeniny. Tímto se stal zakladatelem moderní atomistiky.

Své výsledky zveřejnil v díle A New System of Chemical Philosophy z roku 1808.

Vytvořil i soustavu chemických značek, ale ta se neujala. Wikipedia  

✵ 6. září 1766 – 27. červenec 1844
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John Dalton: 6   citátů 0   lajků

John Dalton: Citáty anglicky

“1. Small particles called atoms exist and compose all matter; 2. They are indivisible and indestructible; 3. Atoms of the same chemical element have the same chemical properties and do not transmute or change into different elements.”

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John Dalton

A New System of Chemical Philosophy, Part I http://books.google.com/books?id=Wp7QAAAAMAAJ (1808) as quoted by Richard Reeves, A Force of Nature The Frontier Genius of Ernest Rutherford (2008)

“Chemical analysis and synthesis go no farther than to the separation of particles one from another, and to their reunion. No new creation or destruction of matter is within the reach of chemical agency. We might as well attempt to introduce a new planet into the solar system, or to annihilate one already in existence, as to create or destroy a particle of hydrogen. All the changes we can produce, consist in separating particles that are in a state of cohesion or combination, and joining those that were previously at a distance.”

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John Dalton kniha A New System of Chemical Philosophy

Zdroj: A New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808), Ch. III. On Chemical Synthesis

“When we attempt to conceive the number of particles in an atmosphere, it is somewhat like attempting to conceive the number of stars in the universe; we are confounded with the thought. But if we limit the subject, by taking a given volume of any gas, we seem persuaded that, let the divisions be ever so minute, the number of particles must be finite; just as in a given space of the universe, the number of stars and planets cannot be infinite.”

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John Dalton kniha A New System of Chemical Philosophy

Zdroj: A New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808), Ch. III On Chemical Synthesis

“Philosophers are generally persuaded, that the sensations of heat and cold are occasioned by the presence or absence, in degree, of certain principle or quality denominated fire or heat… It is most probable, that all substances whatever contain more or less of this principle. Respecting the nature of the principle, however, there is a diversity of sentiment : some supposing it a substance, others a quality, or property of substance. Boerhaave, followed by most of the moderns, is of the former opinion; Newton, with some others, are of the latter; these conceive heat to consist in an internal vibratory motion of the particles of bodies.”

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John Dalton

Meteorological Observations and Essays: Mit Tabellen, 1834 p. 18

“A pure elastic fluid is one the constituent particles of which are all alike, or in no way distinguishable. Steam, or aqueous vapour, hydrogenous gas, oxygenous gas… and several others are of this kind. …Whatever …may be the shape or figure of the solid atom abstractedly, when surrounded by such an atmosphere it must be globular; but as all the globules in any small given volume are subject to the same pressure, they must be equal in bulk, and will therefore be arranged in horizontal strata, like a pile of shot.”

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John Dalton kniha A New System of Chemical Philosophy

Zdroj: A New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808), Ch. II. On the Constitution of Bodies, Sect. 1. On the Constitution of Pure Elastic Fluids

“Now it is one great object of this work, to shew the importance and advantage of ascertaining the relative weights of the ultimate particles, both of simple and compound bodies, the number of simple elementary particles which constitute one compound particle, and the number of less compound particles which enter into the formation of one more compound particle.”

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John Dalton kniha A New System of Chemical Philosophy

Zdroj: A New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808), Ch. III. On Chemical Synthesis