John Rogers Commons citáty

John R. Commons byl americký ekonom, představitel tzv. staré institucionální školy. Po Thorsteinu Veblenovi je považován za jednoho z jejích hlavních zakladatelů. Usiloval o to, aby „institucionalismus“ nahradil v ekonomii mainstreamový „psychologismus“.

Zasadil se o inkorporaci práva do ekonomické vědy. Ve svém díle také poprvé pracuje s pojmy důležitými pro budoucí vývoj tohoto směru ekonomického myšlení, např. transakce nebo working rules, tzv. pravidla hry. Wikipedia  

✵ 13. říjen 1862 – 11. květen 1945
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John Rogers Commons: Citáty anglicky

“Liberty is absence of restraint. Freedom is participation in government.”

Zdroj: Legal foundations of capitalism. 1924, p. 111

“Legally, the term liberty means absence of duty, or rather the limit of duty.”

Zdroj: Legal foundations of capitalism. 1924, p. 53

“These individual actions are really trans-actions instead of either individual behavior or the "exchange" of commodities. It is this shift from commodities and individuals to transactions and working rules of collective action that marks the transition from the classical and hedonic schools to the institutional schools of economic thinking. The shift is a change in the ultimate unit of economic investigation. The classic and hedonic economists, with their communistic and anarchistic offshoots, founded their theories on the relation of man to nature, but institutionalism is a relation of man to man. The smallest unit of the classic economists was a commodity produced by labor. The smallest unit of the hedonic economists was the same or similar commodity enjoyed by ultimate consumers. One was the objective side, the other the subjective side, of the same relation between the individual and the forces of nature. The outcome, in either case, was the materialistic metaphor of an automatic equilibrium, analogous to the waves of the ocean, but personified as "seeking their level." But the smallest unit of the institutional economists is a unit of activity -- a transaction, with its participants. Transactions intervene between the labor of the classic economists and the pleasures of the hedonic economists, simply because it is society that controls access to the forces of nature, and transactions are, not the "exchange of commodities," but the alienation and acquisition, between individuals, of the rights of property and liberty created by society, which must therefore be negotiated between the parties concerned before labor can produce, or consumers can consume, or commodities be physically exchanged.”

"Institutional Economics," 1931