1. Citáty
  2. Autoři
  3. Stephen Jay Gould

Stephen Jay Gould citáty

Stephen Jay Gould byl americký zoolog židovského původu, paleontolog, evoluční biolog a historik vědy, jeden z nejpopulárnějších a nejčtenějších popularizátorů těchto oborů svojí generace.

Byl jedním ze spolutvůrců a nadšených propagátorů tzv. teorie přerušované rovnováhy, která značně modifikuje náhled evolučních biologů na evoluci a řeší některé zásadní rozpory mezi neodarwinismem a fosilními podklady. Jeho velkými konkurenty a názorovými rivaly byli Richard Dawkins či J. Philippe Rushton.

Ve své knize Jak neměřit člověka , ostře napadá některé základní práce a měření v oblasti lidské inteligence. Např. o měření obsahu lebek, které prováděl Samuel George Morton, Gould napsal: „Morton měří pomocí semínek a bere do ruky nebezpečně velkou černošskou lebku. Zlehka ji naplní a ledabyle zatřese. V dalším případě se mu ovšem dostane do ruky znepokojivě malá lebka bělocha: pořádně zatřepe a palcem ještě přitlačí na foramen magnum. Takové věci se stávají i bez vědomé motivace.“John Michael provedl přeměření reprezentativního vzorku Mortonova souboru lebek a uvádí, že i přes drobná pochybení jsou výsledky Mortonových měření v zásadě přesné, naproti tomu samotný Gould se při své práci dopustil řady chyb. Další přeměření, které provedl Jason E. Lewis a jeho tým, a bylo publikováno v roce 2011, prokázalo, že se Gould nařkl Mortona z rasového zkreslení údajů opravdu neoprávněně a sám při svém měření chyboval a manipuloval.Podle ekonoma Paula Krugmana nebyl Gould popularizátorem v pravém slova smyslu, protože místo snahy přiblížit práci vědecké komunity veřejnosti prosazoval své vlastní, odlišné myšlenky.

Podle biologa Bernarda Davise se v populární knize Jak neměřit člověka Gould snaží „zdiskreditovat vědecké zkoumání tam, kde je v konfliktu s politickým dogmatem“. Wikipedia  

✵ 10. září 1941 – 20. květen 2002
Stephen Jay Gould: 274 citátů0 lajků

Stephen Jay Gould: Citáty anglicky

“Our discombobulated lives need to sink some anchors in numerical stability. (I still have not recovered from the rise of a pound of hamburger at the supermarket to more than a buck.)”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould

"A Time to Laugh", p. 82; originally published as "A Happy Mystery to Ponder: Why So Many Homers?" in The Wall Street Journal (2001-10-10)
Triumph and Tragedy in Mudville (2003)

“Nothing is more dangerous than a dogmatic worldview - nothing more constraining, more blinding to innovation, more destructive of openness to novelty.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould

“I am, somehow, less interested in the weight and convolutions of Einstein’s brain than in the near certainty that people of equal talent have lived and died in cotton fields and sweatshops.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha The Panda's Thumb

&quot;Wide hats and narrow minds&quot; https://books.google.com/books?id=-lWtVSZoqWkC&amp;pg=PA776 New Scientist 8 March 1979, p. 777. Reprinted in The Panda&#x27;s Thumb, p. 151 https://books.google.com/books?id=z0XY7Rg_lOwC&amp;pg=PA151. <br class="br">Zdroj: The Panda&#x27;s Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History

“We have become, by the power of a glorious evolutionary accident called intelligence, the stewards of life's continuity on earth. We did not ask for this role, but we cannot abjure it. We may not be suited to it, but here we are.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould

Zdroj: The Flamingo's Smile: Reflections in Natural History

“The most important tactic in an argument next to being right is to leave an escape hatch for your opponent so that he can gracefully swing over to your side without an embarrassing loss of face.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould

“We are the offspring of history, and must establish our own paths in this most diverse and interesting of conceivable universes—one indifferent to our suffering, and therefore offering us maximum freedom to thrive, or to fail, in our own chosen way.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould

“The most erroneous stories are those we think we know best - and therefore never scrutinize or question.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould

“Skepticism is the agent of reason against organized irrationalism--and is therefore one of the keys to human social and civic decency.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould

“Life is short, and potential studies infinite. We have a much better chance of accomplishing something significant when we follow our passionate interests and work in areas of deepest personal meaning.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould

“When people learn no tools of judgment and merely follow their hopes, the seeds of political manipulation are sown.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha An Urchin in the Storm

"The Quack Detector", p. 245
An Urchin in the Storm (1987)
Kontext: [A]s we discern a fine line between crank and genius, so also (and unfortunately) we must acknowledge an equally graded trajectory from crank to demagogue. When people learn no tools of judgment and merely follow their hopes, the seeds of political manipulation are sown.

“Western field-work conjures up images of struggle on horseback […]—toughing it out on one canteen a day as you labor up and down mountains. The value of a site is supposedly correlated with the difficulty of getting there. This, of course, is romantic drivel. Ease of access is no measure of importance. The famous La Brea tar pits are right in downtown Los Angeles. To reach the Clarkia lake beds, you turn off the main road at Buzzard's Roost Trophy Company and drive the remaining fifty yards right up to the site.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha Dinosaur in a Haystack

"Magnolias from Moscow", p. 403
Dinosaur in a Haystack (1995)

“Throughout his last half-dozen books, for example, Arthur Koestler has been conducting a campaign against his own misunderstanding of Darwinism. He hopes to find some ordering force, constraining evolution to certain directions and overriding the influence of natural selection. […] Darwinism is not the theory of capricious change that Koestler imagines. Random variation may be the raw material of change, but natural selection builds good design by rejecting most variants while accepting and accumulating the few that improve adaptation to local environments.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha The Panda's Thumb

"Double Trouble", pp. 38–40
The Panda's Thumb (1980)

“[H]istorical science is not worse, more restricted, or less capable of achieving firm conclusions because experiment, prediction, and subsumption under invariant laws of nature do not represent its usual working methods. The sciences of history use a different mode of explanation, rooted in the comparative and observational richness in our data. We cannot see a past event directly, but science is usually based on inference, not unvarnished observation”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha Wonderful Life

you don't see electrons, gravity, or black holes either
Zdroj: Wonderful Life (1989), p. 279

“If you defend a behavior by arguing that people are programmed directly for it, then how do you continue to defend it if your speculation is wrong, for the behavior then becomes unnatural and worthy of condemnation. Better to stick resolutely to a philosophical position on human liberty: what free adults do with each other in their own private lives is their business alone. It need not be vindicated — and must not be condemned—by genetic speculation.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha Ever Since Darwin

"So Cleverly Kind an Animal", p. 267
Ever Since Darwin (1977)

“Anton Chekhov wrote that “one must not put a loaded rifle on stage if no one is thinking of firing it.” Good drama requires spare and purposive action, sensible linking of potential causes with realized effects. Life is much messier; nothing happens most of the time. Millions of Americans (many hotheaded) own rifles (many loaded), but the great majority, thank God, do not go off most of the time. We spend most of real life waiting for Godot, not charging once more unto the breach.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha Dinosaur in a Haystack

"Speaking of Snails and Scales", p. 345
Dinosaur in a Haystack (1995)

“But all evolutionary biologists know that variation itself is nature's only irreducible essence. Variation is the hard reality, not a set of imperfect measures for a central tendency. Means and medians are the abstractions.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould

The Median Isn't the Message (1985)

“We now live, as Earth always has (see my 1996 book Full House), in an Age of Bacteria. These simplest organisms will dominate our planet (if conditions remain hospitable for life at all) until the sun explodes. During our current, and undoubtedly brief, geological moment, they watch with appropriate amusement as we strut and fret our hour upon the stage. For we are, to them, only transient and delectable islands ripe for potential exploitation.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"War of the Worldviews", p. 352
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“Lavoisier was right in the deepest, almost holy, way. His passion harnessed feeling to the service of reason; another kind of passion was the price. Reason cannot save us and can even persecute us in the wrong hands; but we have no hope of salvation without reason. The world is too complex, too intransigent; we cannot bend it to our simple will.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould

"The Passion of Antoine Lavoisier", p. 366
Bully for Brontosaurus (1991)

“Zoocentrism is the primary fallacy of human sociobiology, for this view of human behavior rests on the argument that if the actions of "lower" animals with simple nervous systems arise as genetic products of natural selection, then human behavior should have a similar basis.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes

"Our Natural Place", p. 243
Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes (1983)

“The parasite has somehow evolved to turn off the host's defenses, presumably by disarming the crab's immune response with some chemical trickery that fools the host into accepting the parasite as part of itself. …The adult parasite castrates the host, not by directly eating the gonadal tissue, but by some unknown mechanism probably involving penetration of the interna's roots around and into the crab's nervous system.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

Triumph of the Root-Heads, p. 367
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“Most books, after all, are ephemeral; their specifics, several years later, inspire about as much interest as daily battle reports from the Hundred Years' War.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha An Urchin in the Storm

Preface, p. 10
An Urchin in the Storm (1987)

“The invalid assumption that correlation implies cause is probably among the two or three most serious and common errors of human reasoning.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould

Zdroj: The Mismeasure of Man (1996), p. 272

“In this crucial sense, the theory of punctuated equilibrium adopts a very conservative position. The theory asserts no novel claim about modes or mechanisms of speciation; punctuated equilibrium merely takes a standard microevolutionary model and elucidates its expected expression when properly scaled into geological time.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha The Structure of Evolutionary Theory

Zdroj: The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (2002), p. 778

“[W]e do live in a conceptual trough that encourages such yearning for unknown and romanticized greener pastures of other times. The future doesn't seem promising, if only because we can extrapolate some disquieting present trends into further deterioration: pollution, nationalism, environmental destruction, and aluminum bats. Therefore, we tend to take refuge in a rose-colored past […]. I do not doubt the salutary, even the essential, properties of this curiously adaptive human trait, but we must also record the down side. Legends of past golden ages become impediments when we try to negotiate our current dilemma.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha Eight Little Piggies

"Shoemaker and Morning Star", pp. 206–207
Eight Little Piggies (1993)

“[A]lthough species may be discrete, they have no immutable essence. Variation is the raw material of evolutionary change. It represents the fundamental reality of nature, not an accident about a created norm. Variation is primary; essences are illusory. Species must be defined as ranges of irreducible variation.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha The Flamingo's Smile

"Of Wasps and WASPs", p. 160
The Flamingo's Smile (1985)

“Details are all that matters: God dwells there, and you never get to see Him if you don't struggle to get them right.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha Eight Little Piggies

Zdroj: Eight Little Piggies (1993) "A Reflective Prologue", p. 14

“Organisms are not billiard balls, propelled by simple and measurable external forces to predictable new positions on life's pool table. Sufficiently complex systems have greater richness. Organisms have a history that constrains their future in myriad, subtle ways.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha The Panda's Thumb

Prologue, p. 16
The Panda's Thumb (1980)

“Darwin himself told us in his last book (The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms) that we should never underestimate the power of worms on the move…. The inversion of a humble worm, especially when disturbed, may bring down empires. Shakespeare told us that "the smallest worm will turn being trodden on." And Cervantes wrote in his author's preface to Don Quixote that "even a worm when trod upon, will turn again." …Geoffrey, it seems, was correct after all - not in every detail, of course, but at least in basic vision and theoretical meaning. And the triumph of surprise, the inversion of nuttiness to apparent truth, stands as a premier example of the most exciting general development in evolutionary theory during our times.”

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"Brotherhood by Inversion", p. 329-330
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“The history of most fossil species includes two features particularly inconsistent with gradualism: 1. Stasis. Most species exhibit no directional change during their tenure on earth. They appear in the fossil record looking much the same as when they disappear; morphological change is usually limited and directionless. 2. Sudden appearance. In any local area, a species does not arise gradually by the steady transformation of its ancestors; it appears all at once and “fully formed.””

Help us translate this quote

Stephen Jay Gould kniha The Panda's Thumb

"The Episodic Nature of Evolutionary Change", p. 182
The Panda's Thumb (1980)