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Jacques Ellul [žak elyl] byl francouzský sociolog, historik, filozof, spisovatel, právní teoretik a protestantský teolog, který sám sebe řadil ke křesťanskému anarchismu.

Byl profesorem na univerzitě v Bordeaux. Silně ho ovlivnilo dílo Sorena Kierkegaarda a Karla Bartha, ovšem i Karla Marxe, jehož dílo vykládal z křesťanských pozic. Už od 30. let 20. století ovšem patřil k ostrým kritikům sovětského komunismu. K jeho velkým tématům patřil technologický pokrok , propaganda a vztah křesťanství a politiky. Byl přesvědčen, že moderní technologie ubíjejí humanitu. Je mu připisováno autorství hesla „mysli globálně, jednej lokálně“, které si osvojilo zejména protiglobalizační hnutí. Za druhé světové války bojoval v hnutí odporu a zachránil přitom také mnoho Židů, proto roku 2001 získal ocenění Spravedlivý mezi národy od organizace Jad Vašem. Sám silně podporoval stát Izrael. Wikipedia  

✵ 6. leden 1912 – 19. květen 1994   •   Další jména 雅克·埃呂爾, ז'ק אלול
Jacques Ellul foto
Jacques Ellul: 126   citátů 1   lajk

Jacques Ellul citáty a výroky

„Analfabet, stejně jako člověk, který nemá zájem o čtení, nemůže být osloven propagandou.“

Jacques Ellul kniha Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes

Zdroj: ELLUL, Jacques. Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes. New York: Vintage Books. 1973

O čtení

Jacques Ellul: Citáty anglicky

“The image that creates this thinking gives rise to a feeling of evidence and a conviction that it is not based on reason. This kind of thinking explains the reaction we so often note among our contemporaries: when someone asks them to give the reason for their opinions, they answer: "It’s evident." This thinking, which creates prejudices and stereotypes, is the domain of the unquestionable. Obviously you cannot dispute with an image, and you cannot challenge the hero of a film. But this extends to the mental images produced by the film: there is no criticism or debate possible, because these involve differing methods of thought. What produces immediate assent cannot bear the discussion process. The conviction acquired in this way can only be attacked on its own ground: by other images.”

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Jacques Ellul

J. Hanks, trans. (1985), p. 213
The Humiliation of the Word (1981)

“The aim of modern propaganda is no longer to modify ideas, but to provoke action.”

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Jacques Ellul kniha Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes

Vintage, p. 25
Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (1965)

“The social body that had been effectively threatened by the diffusion of a faith that bordered on anarchism, on a total lack of interest in worldly matters (administration, commerce, etc.), … reacted in self-defense and absorbed the foreign body, making it serve its own ends.”

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Jacques Ellul

Zdroj: The Subversion of Christianity (1984), p. 21

“Cain is completely dissatisfied with the security granted to him by God, and so he searches out his own security. … He will satisfy his desire for eternity by producing children, and he will satisfy his desire for security by creating a place belonging to him, a city.”

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Jacques Ellul kniha The Meaning of the City

Zdroj: The Meaning of the City (1951), pp. 4-5

“…because of the myth of progress, it is much easier to sell a man an electric razor than a straight-edged one.”

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Jacques Ellul kniha Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes

Vintage, p. 41
Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (1965)

“The individual, by means of the discipline imposed on him by sport, not only plays and finds relaxation from the various compulsions to which he is subjected, but without knowing it trains himself for new compulsions. … Training in sports makes of the individual an efficient piece of apparatus which is henceforth unacquainted with anything but the harsh joys of exploiting his body and winning.”

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Jacques Ellul kniha The Technological Society

Zdroj: The Technological Society (1954), p. 383

“The individual who is the servant of technique must be completely unconscious of himself.”

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Jacques Ellul kniha The Technological Society

The Technological Society (1954)

“Mankind in the technological world is prepared to give up his independence in exchange for all kinds of facilities and in exchange for consumer products and a certain security. In short, in exchange for a package of welfare provisions offered to him by society. As I was thinking about that I couldn't help recalling the story in the Bible about Esau and the lentil broth. Esau, who is hungry, is prepared to give up the blessings and promise of God in exchange for some lentil broth. In the same way, modern people are prepared to give up their independence in exchange for some technological lentils.”

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Jacques Ellul

The Betrayal by Technology (1993 film)

“Thought based on images can be neither abstract nor critical. … again in this case intellectuals have worked out theories to justify the inevitable. For unconsciously, they could not avoid being subjected to the enormous weight of billions of images (just like other people). Yet consciously, they were well aware that maintaining the demands of critical and independent thought involves a complete break with the rest of humankind. This would make it impossible for them to play their role as genuine intellectuals. They must think like everyone else if they expect to be at all believed by the masses. Thus their conscious and unconscious minds agree in taking them down the path of thought that involves images, evidence, and emotivity.”

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Jacques Ellul

J. Hanks, trans. (1985), p. 214
The Humiliation of the Word (1981)

“We seem to have here a fulfillment of the prophecy of Jesus that a little evil or error will corrupt the whole (like the leaven of the Pharisees). … Christians and the church have wanted an alliance with everything that represents power in the world. In reality this rests on the conviction that thanks to the power of the Holy Spirit the powers of this world have been vanquished and set in service of the gospel, the church, and mission. We must use their forces in the interest of evangelism. … But what happens is the exact opposite. The church and mission are penetrated by the power and completely turned aside from their truth by the corruption of power. When Jesus says that his kingdom is not of this world, he says clearly what he intends to say. He does not validate any worldly kingdom”

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Jacques Ellul

even if the ruler be a Christian
Zdroj: The Subversion of Christianity (1984), pp. 20-21

“I know many people who like watching commercials because they're so funny. They provide relaxation and diversion. People come home after a day's work, from which they derive little satisfaction, and feel the need for diversion and amusement. The word diversion itself is already very significant. When Pascal uses the word diversion he means that people who follow the path of God deviate from the path which leads them to God as a result of diversion and amusement. Instead of thinking of God, they amuse themselves. So, instead of thinking about the problems which have been created by technology and our work we want to amuse ourselves.”

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Jacques Ellul

The Betrayal by Technology (1993 film)

“The combination of Christian truth and political power led to the creation of the complex that we know so well. … The emperor endows the church handsomely, helps it in all that it does, aids it in its “mission.” The church supports the emperor’s legitimacy and assures him that he is God’s representative on earth.”

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Jacques Ellul

Zdroj: The Subversion of Christianity (1984), p. 124

“Sport is linked with the technical world because sport itself is a technique. The enormous contrast between the athletes of Greece and those of Rome is well known. For the Greeks, physical exercise was an ethic for developing freely and harmoniously the form and strength of the human body. For the Romans, it was a technique for increasing the legionnaire’s efficiency. The Roman conception prevails today.”

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Jacques Ellul kniha The Technological Society

Zdroj: The Technological Society (1954), pp. 382-383

“Christianity, … welcomed at first among the religions of escape, changes into a religion that gives cohesion to society”

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Jacques Ellul

Zdroj: The Subversion of Christianity (1984), p. 40

“The church … is always at the service of the political power that is either in place or in course of being installed. It goes on to serve the Holy Roman Empire but also the kings of France who split off from it. It will bless all the monarchs who seize power in ways that are tragic, tempestuous, and often bloody and unjust.. It legitimizes everything. This is logical once it associates itself with the existing power.”

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Jacques Ellul

Zdroj: The Subversion of Christianity (1984), p. 125

“Sight, when used in the context of nature, creates direct communication with reality. It implies that one is involved in this particular reality and quickly leads a person to action. But when the image has become artificial and is purely a means of knowledge, the reaction persists. I feel directly involved in what I see, just as prehistoric people did. And if I am seeing objects or ideas, I am not truly independent; I cannot really take my distance from these objects. From the intellectual point of view, this means I cannot really exercise my critical faculties. The use of images to transmit knowledge leads to the progressive elimination of distance between a person and his knowledge, because of the way we are made to participate when this means is used (this is, of course, in perfect accord with technical civilization, and to be desired by its standards). The critical faculties and autonomy of the thinking person are also eliminated.”

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Jacques Ellul

J. Hanks, trans. (1985), p. 212
The Humiliation of the Word (1981)

“Images produce an intellectual process different from the ancient one or the one developed by classical education. It goes without saying that this process is not completely new; of course, since sight existed, and since people themselves chose their images, they also thought by means of images and entered into this kind of thinking. But this was limited and not frequent, because images were not dominant. The new factor in our day comes from the effect of visual reproduction’s triumph over all else, which involves us in the domination of one form of thought. This supremacy is new, even though we are not dealing with a completely new form of thought.”

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Jacques Ellul

J. Hanks, trans. (1985), p. 210
The Humiliation of the Word (1981)

“…there is a limited elite that understands the secrets of their own techniques, but not necessarily of all techniques. These men are close to the seat of modern governmental power. The state is no longer founded on the 'average citizen', but on the ability and knowledge of this elite. The average man is altogether unable to penetrate technical secrets or governmental organization and consequently can exert no influence at all on the state.”

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Jacques Ellul kniha The Technological Society

Zdroj: The Technological Society (1954), p. 274

“This is where each individual must decide for himself. The essential thing is the decision to challenge the modern state, which without this small group of protesters will be checked by neither brake, value, nor reason.”

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Jacques Ellul

Zdroj: The Ethics of Freedom (1973 - 1974), p. 397

“In point of fact there are a certain number of values and of forces which are of decisive importance in our world civilization: the primacy of production, the continual growth of the power of the State and the formation of the National State, the autonomous development of technics, etc. These, among others — far more than the ownership of the means of production or any totalitarian doctrine — are the constitutive elements of the modern world. So long as these elements continue to be taken for granted, the world is standing still.”

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Jacques Ellul

Zdroj: The Presence of the Kingdom (1948), p. 33

“It was impossible to keep up the great movement of inner and outer freedom initiated by Jesus. The proclamation “You are free through the Holy Spirit,” and Paul’s statement, “Everything is lawful,” were fine for a small, elite group in which everyone knew everyone else. But when it was a matter of thousands of new converts whose depth of faith could not be known, how could they be told that they were completely free to choose their way of life and decide their own conduct? They had to be incorporated and put under the authority of a head of each group, and the more numerous they became, the more sacred and complex this authority had to be. … The glorious freedom that is in Christ could not be tolerated. It was replaced by clear and strict commandments.”

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Jacques Ellul

Zdroj: The Subversion of Christianity (1984), pp. 36-37

“The question now is whether people are prepared or not to realize that they are dominated by technology. And to realize that technology oppresses them, forces them to undertake certain obligations and conditions them. Their freedom begins when they become conscious of these things. For when we become conscious of that which determines our life we attain the highest degree of freedom.”

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Jacques Ellul

The Betrayal by Technology (1993 film)

“Evangelical proclamation was essentially subversive. Put in danger by it, the forces of the social body have replied by integrating this power of negation, of challenge, by absorbing it.”

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Jacques Ellul

Zdroj: The Subversion of Christianity (1984), p. 21

““Everything, right now” is the notion that comes from the presence of images, which in effect get us used to seeing all in a single glance.”

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Jacques Ellul

J. Hanks, trans. (1985), p. 208
The Humiliation of the Word (1981)

“Science brings to the light of day everything man had believed sacred. Technique takes possession of it and enslaves it.”

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Jacques Ellul kniha The Technological Society

Zdroj: The Technological Society (1954), p. 142

“Man's power is first of all the result of hardening his heart against God: man affirms that he is strong, conquers the world, and builds cities.”

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Jacques Ellul kniha The Meaning of the City

Zdroj: The Meaning of the City (1951), p. 10

“I describe a world with no exit, convinced that God accompanies man throughout his history.”

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Jacques Ellul

Interview in Le Monde (1981), as quoted in "A short biography of Jacques Ellul (1912-1994)" by Patrick Chastenet, as translated by Lesley Graham http://www.ellul.org/bio_e1.html

“The problem is not merely that of the transformation of Christianity into a state religion but of the diffusion of this faith that has stopped being a faith and has become a collective ideology, a kind of manifestation of thought that collects all the commonplaces, the legends, the miracles, the “prophecies,” the apocalypses, the thaumaturgies, and formulates for the people a facile, moralistic, and constructive set of beliefs.”

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Jacques Ellul

Zdroj: The Subversion of Christianity (1984), p. 40

“Hate, hunger, and pride make better levers of propaganda than do love or impartiality.”

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Jacques Ellul kniha Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes

Vintage, p. 38
Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (1965)

“The emotional quality of what we moderns call our thought produces an extreme violence of conviction combined with extreme incoherence in our arguments. I refer here to ordinary people and not to an intellectual elite. We do not involve ourselves in studying the meaning and consequences of a fact calmly and objectively. The fact asserts itself through its image and associates itself in unchallengeable fashion with other images which, in this mode of thinking, are its true context. Emotions justify as well as provoke or command opinions, which still seem intellectual and reasoned.”

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Jacques Ellul

J. Hanks, trans. (1985), p. 211
The Humiliation of the Word (1981)

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