Pierre de Fermat citáty

Pierre de Fermat byl francouzský matematik.

Ačkoli byl ve vědě amatér , zasloužil se o rozvoj matematiky v několika oblastech:

Teorie čísel – patří ke spoluzakladatelům oboru v jeho moderní podobě a získal několik důležitých poznatků. Známá je především tzv. Velká Fermatova věta. Tu ovšem dokázal až Andrew Wiles roku 1994.

Teorie pravděpodobnosti – spolu s Pascalem je považován za spoluzakladatele oboru, který zahájili úvahami o pravděpodobnostech výhry v hazardních hrách.

Matematická analýza a analytická geometrie – objevil mimo jiné metodu hledání extrémů křivky, která je přímým předchůdcem pozdějších výsledků diferenciálního počtu. Do této oblasti patří i formulace Fermatova principu.

Fermatovo číslo

P. Fermat se domníval, že všechna čísla tvaru 2n + 1, kde n = 2m, m = 0,1,2,…, jsou prvočísla. Toto platí však pouze pro prvních pět čísel . V 18. století ale Leonhard Euler dokázal, že F5 je dělitelné 641, tedy že je složené číslo, čímž Fermatovu domněnku vyvrátil.

V roce 1796 Carl Friedrich Gauss objevil souvislost mezi geometrií a Fermatovými čísly. Dokázal, že pravidelný mnohoúhelník s lichým počtem vrcholů je eukleidovsky konstruovatelný pouze tehdy, když je počet jeho vrcholů roven některému Fermatovu prvočíslu nebo součinu několika vzájemně různých Fermatových prvočísel. Přes snahy mnohých matematiků dodnes není známo, kolik existuje Fermatových čísel složených a kolik prvočíselných.

Zatím nejznámější Fermatovo prvočíslo je právě F4. Pro čísla F5 až F23 bylo dokázáno, že jde o čísla složená i když ne u všech je znám úplný rozklad.

Úplný rozklad je znám pro čísla F5, F6, F7, F8, F9 F10 a F11 Wikipedia  

✵ 1601 – 12. leden 1665
Pierre de Fermat foto
Pierre de Fermat: 5   citátů 0   lajků

Pierre de Fermat: Citáty anglicky

“And this proposition is generally true for all progressions and for all prime numbers; the proof of which I would send to you, if I were not afraid to be too long.”

Et cette proposition est généralement vraie en toutes progressions et en tous nombres premiers; de quoi je vous envoierois la démonstration, si je n'appréhendois d'être trop long.
Fermat (in a letter dated October 18, 1640 to his friend and confidant Frénicle de Bessy) commenting on his statement that p divides a<sup> p−1</sup> − 1 whenever p is prime and a is coprime to p (this is what is now known as Fermat's little theorem).

“I have discovered a truly remarkable proof of this theorem which this margin is too small to contain.”
Cuius rei demonstrationem mirabilem sane detexi hanc marginis exiguitas non caperet.

Note written on the margins of his copy of Claude-Gaspar Bachet's translation of the famous Arithmetica of Diophantus, this was taken as an indication of what became known as Fermat's last theorem, a correct proof for which would be found only 357 years later; as quoted in Number Theory in Science and Communication (1997) by Manfred Robert Schroeder

“I propose this theorem to be proved or problem to be solved. If they succeed in discovering the proof or solution, they will acknowledge that questions of this kind are not inferior to the more celebrated ones from geometry either for depth or difficulty or method of proof”

Letter to Frénicle (1657) Oeuvres de Fermat Vol.II as quoted by Edward Everett Whitford, The Pell Equation http://books.google.com/books?id=L6QKAAAAYAAJ (1912)
Kontext: There is scarcely any one who states purely arithmetical questions, scarcely any who understands them. Is this not because arithmetic has been treated up to this time geometrically rather than arithmetically? This certainly is indicated by many works ancient and modern. Diophantus himself also indicates this. But he has freed himself from geometry a little more than others have, in that he limits his analysis to rational numbers only; nevertheless the Zetcica of Vieta, in which the methods of Diophantus are extended to continuous magnitude and therefore to geometry, witness the insufficient separation of arithmetic from geometry. Now arithmetic has a special domain of its own, the theory of numbers. This was touched upon but only to a slight degree by Euclid in his Elements, and by those who followed him it has not been sufficiently extended, unless perchance it lies hid in those books of Diophantus which the ravages of time have destroyed. Arithmeticians have now to develop or restore it. To these, that I may lead the way, I propose this theorem to be proved or problem to be solved. If they succeed in discovering the proof or solution, they will acknowledge that questions of this kind are not inferior to the more celebrated ones from geometry either for depth or difficulty or method of proof: Given any number which is not a square, there also exists an infinite number of squares such that when multiplied into the given number and unity is added to the product, the result is a square.

“There is scarcely any one who states purely arithmetical questions, scarcely any who understands them. Is this not because arithmetic has been treated up to this time geometrically rather than arithmetically?”

Letter to Frénicle (1657) Oeuvres de Fermat Vol.II as quoted by Edward Everett Whitford, The Pell Equation http://books.google.com/books?id=L6QKAAAAYAAJ (1912)
Kontext: There is scarcely any one who states purely arithmetical questions, scarcely any who understands them. Is this not because arithmetic has been treated up to this time geometrically rather than arithmetically? This certainly is indicated by many works ancient and modern. Diophantus himself also indicates this. But he has freed himself from geometry a little more than others have, in that he limits his analysis to rational numbers only; nevertheless the Zetcica of Vieta, in which the methods of Diophantus are extended to continuous magnitude and therefore to geometry, witness the insufficient separation of arithmetic from geometry. Now arithmetic has a special domain of its own, the theory of numbers. This was touched upon but only to a slight degree by Euclid in his Elements, and by those who followed him it has not been sufficiently extended, unless perchance it lies hid in those books of Diophantus which the ravages of time have destroyed. Arithmeticians have now to develop or restore it. To these, that I may lead the way, I propose this theorem to be proved or problem to be solved. If they succeed in discovering the proof or solution, they will acknowledge that questions of this kind are not inferior to the more celebrated ones from geometry either for depth or difficulty or method of proof: Given any number which is not a square, there also exists an infinite number of squares such that when multiplied into the given number and unity is added to the product, the result is a square.

“The result of my work has been the most extraordinary, the most unforeseen, and the happiest, that ever was; for, after having performed all the equations, multiplications, antitheses, and other operations of my method, and having finally finished the problem, I have found that my principle gives exactly and precisely the same proportion for the refractions which Monsieur Descartes has established.”

Epist. XLII, written at Toulouse (Jan. 1, 1662) and reprinted in Œvres de Fermat, ii, p. 457; i, pp. 170, 173, as quoted by E. T. Whittaker, A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century (1910) p. 10. https://books.google.com/books?id=CGJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA10

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