Bertrand Russell citáty

strana 15

„Základní příčinou potíží je to, že v moderním světě jsou hloupí sebejistí, zatímco inteligentní jsou plní pochybností.“

„Nebojte se být výstřední ve svých názorech, protože každý názor, který byl nyní přijat, byl kdysi výstřední.“

„Existují dva motivy pro čtení knihy: jeden, protože se vám líbí; druhý, že se tím můžete chlubit.“

„Nikdy bych za svou víru nezemřel, protože bych se mohl mýlit.“

„Ať už se to týká čehokoliv, nezaškodí občas popřemýšlet i nad věcmi, které jsme dlouho považovali za samozřejmé.“

„Skutečně uspokojivé štěstí je doprovázeno co nejplnějším uplatněním našich schopností a co nejplnějším poznáním světa, v němž žijeme.“

„Bát se lásky znamená bát se života a ti, kdo se života bojí, jsou již ze tří čtvrtin mrtvi.“

„Kdybych žil ještě jednou, dopustil bych se stejných hloupostí a chyb, ale snažil bych se je udělat dřív.“

„Pokládám lásku za jednu z nejdůležitějších věcí v lidském životě. Láska je mnohem více než touha po pohlavním styku, je hlavním východiskem z osamělosti.“

„Většina lidí raději umře, než aby myslela. A přinejmenším jednou v životě to i udělají.“

„Nejvíc utrpení způsobil člověk člověku proto, že byl přesvědčen o věcech, které se ukázaly být nepravdivé.“

„Málokteří lidé mohou být šťastni, aniž by nenáviděli nějakou osobu, národ nebo tvora.“

„Moudrý člověk přemítá o svých strastech jen tehdy, když to potřebuje, v jiných případech myslí na jiné věci.“

„V dobách, kdy náboženství bylo ještě na vrcholu své slávy, mělo slovo "bůh" dokonale přesný význam, avšak v důsledku útoků ze strany racionalistů stával se tento pojem stále mlhavější a vybledlejší, až se dnes těžko pozná, co vlastně lidé mají na mysli, když prohlašují, že věří v boha.“

„Musel jsem se dívat na to, že lidem příliš nezáleží na vlastním přežití nebo na přežití celého lidstva, jako spíše na zničení svého protivníka.“

„Válka neurčuje na čí straně je pravda - jenom kdo zbyde.“

„Historie světa je souhrn událostí, kterým se bylo možno vyhnout.“

„Válka je iracionálním následkem pýchy, nudy a chamtivosti.“

„Jsou-li všichni odborníci zajedno, je na místě opatrnost.“

„Jsem přesvědčen, že vědecké poznání je jedním z vrcholů lidského úsilí. Netvrdím, že poznání nemůže nikdy způsobit zlo. Tvrdím však, a to velmi důrazně, že poznání neporovnatelně častěji přináší užitek než škodu, a strach z poznání je mnohem škodlivější.“

„Život je břímě, když ti, které máme rádi, mají jiné, jež staví na první místo. Když nemáme na světě koutek, do něhož můžeme utéct se svou osamělostí.“

„Leckdo vděčí za své úspěchy radám, jichž neuposlechl.“

„Naneštěstí je pro přetížené učitele takřka nemožné zachovat si instinktivní náklonnost k dětem| postupně k nim nabudou tytéž pocity jako cukrářský učeň ke kremrolím.“

„Jestliže je moudrost v životě zbraní, hloupost obvykle bývá dobrým pacientem.“

„Aristoteles se domníval, že ženy mají méně zubů než muži; ač byl dvakrát ženat, nikdy mu nenapadlo se podívat.“

„Chtěl bych, aby někdo zakopal válečnou sekeru a zapomněl, kde leží.“

„Vědci se snaží přeměnit nemožné na možné. Politici často zase chtějí přeměnit možné v nemožné.“

„Matematika se popravdě řečeno nepyšní pouze pravdivostí, ale také svrchovanou krásu - krásou chladnou a strohou, jakou nalézáme u soch; krásou, jež se neodvolává k žádné slabé stránce naší přirozenosti; krásou bez zbytečného pozlátka, které je běžné v hudbě či malířství - a přesto vznešeně čistou a stroze dokonalou, takovou, již se pyšní jen největší umělecká díla.“

„Základem demokracie je závist.“

„Moderní humor, to je někdy skrývané zoufalství.“

„Základní chyba otců: očekávají od svých dětí, že jim budou dělat čest.“

„Příliš málo svobody přináší stagnaci, příliš mnoho chaos.“

„Dobrý život je inspirován láskou a řízený vědomostmi.“

„Vlastenectví je ochota zabíjet a nechat se zabít z triviálních důvodů.“

„Ve filosofii jde o to začít s něčím tak jednoduchým, až se zdá, že to nestojí za řeč, a skončit něčím tak paradoxním, že tomu nikdo nechce věřit.“

„Život není nic víc než soutěž o to být raději zločincem než obětí.“

„Člověk by měl zpravidla dbát veřejného mínění jen tolik, kolik musí, aby neumřel hladem a nedostal se do vězení, ale vše, co sahá dále, je dobrovolné podřizování zbytečnému tyranství…“

„Když se do lásky míchá majetek, ztrácí svou životodárnou moc a stravuje osobnost.“

„Jste největšími pokrytci, jaké svět kdy poznal. Dovoláváte se hodnot, jimiž pohrdáte a po nichž bezohledně a cynicky šlapete“

„Když si člověk připustí, že nic není jisté, tak musí, podle mého názoru, také připustit, že některé věci jsou daleko více jisté než jiné.“

„Ze všech forem opatrnosti, je opatrnost v lásce nejvíce osudná opravdovému štěstí.“

„Strach je hlavním zdrojem pověr a jedním z hlavních zdrojů krutosti. Dobýt strach je začátek moudrosti.“

„Překonání strachu je počátkem moudrosti.“

„A kdyby Bůh existoval, považuji za velmi nepravděpodobné, že by byl tak nepokojně ješitný a urážel se na ty, kdo o jeho existenci pochybují.“

„Čas, který promarníte a nevadí vám, že ho promarníte, není promarněný čas.“

“I wanted certainty in the kind of way in which people want religious faith. I thought that certainty is more likely to be found in mathematics than elsewhere. But I discovered that many mathematical demonstrations, which my teachers expected me to accept, were full of fallacies, and that, if certainty were indeed discoverable in mathematics, it would be in a new field of mathematics, with more solid foundations than those that had hitherto been thought secure. But as the work proceeded, I was continually reminded of the fable about the elephant and the tortoise. having constructed an elephant upon which the mathematical world could rest, I found the elephant tottering, and proceeded to construct a tortoise to keep the elephant from falling. But the tortoise was no more secure than the elephant, and after some twenty years of very arduous toil, I came to the conclusion that there was nothing more that I could do in the way of making mathematical knowledge indubitable.”

“We are speaking on this occasion, not as members of this or that nation, continent, or creed, but as human beings, members of the species Man, whose continued existence is in doubt.”

“What a queer work the Bible is.
… Some texts are very funny. Deut. XXIV, 5: "When a man hath taken a new wife, he shall not go out to war, neither shall he be charged with any business: but he shall be free at home one year, and shall cheer up his wife which he hath taken." I should never have guessed "cheer up" was a Biblical expression. Here is another really inspiring text: "Cursed be he that lieth with his mother-in-law. And all the people shall say, Amen." St Paul on marriage: "I say therefore to the unmarried and widows, It is good for them if they abide even as I. But if they cannot contain, let them marry: for it is better to marry than to burn." This has remained the doctrine of the Church to this day. It is clear that the Divine purpose in the text "it is better to marry than to burn" is to make us all feel how very dreadful the torments of Hell must be.”

“We may define "faith" as a firm belief in something for which there is no evidence. Where there is evidence, no one speaks of "faith". We do not speak of faith that two and two are four or that the earth is round. We only speak of faith when we wish to substitute emotion for evidence. The substitution of emotion for evidence is apt to lead to strife, since different groups substitute different emotions.”

“There is no need to worry about mere size. We do not necessarily respect a fat man more than a thin man. Sir Isaac Newton was very much smaller than a hippopotamus, but we do not on that account value him less.”

“Democracy is the process by which people choose the man who'll get the blame.”

“We cannot suppose that an individual’s thinking survives bodily death, since that destroys the organization of the brain and dissipates the energy which utilized the brain tracks. God and immortality, the central dogma of the Christian religion, find no support in science. But we in the West have come to think of them as the irreducible minimum of theology. No doubt people will continue to entertain these beliefs, because they are pleasant, just as it is pleasant to think ourselves virtuous and our enemies wicked. But for my part I cannot see any grounds for either. I do not pretend to be able to prove that there is no God. I equally cannot prove Satan is a fiction. The Christian God may exist, so might the Gods of Olympus, Ancient Egypt or Babylon; but no one of these hypotheses is more probable than any other. They lie outside the region of provable knowledge and there is no reason to consider any of them.”

“The love of power is a part of human nature, but power-philosophies are, in a certain precise sense, insane. The existence of the external world, both that of matter and of other human beings, is a datum, which may be humiliating to a certain kind of pride, but can only be denied by a madman. Men who allow their love of power to give them a distorted view of the world are to be found in every asylum: one man will think he is Governor of the Bank of England, another will think he is the King, and yet another will think he is God. Highly similar delusions, if expressed by educated men in obscure language, lead to professorships in philosophy; and if expressed by emotional men in eloquent language, lead to dictatorships. Certified lunatics are shut up because of the proneness to violence when their pretensions are questioned; the uncertified variety are given control of powerful armies, and can inflict death and disaster upon all sane men within their reach.”

“I don't care for the applause one gets by saying what others are thinking; I want actually to change people's thoughts. Power over people's minds is the main personal desire of my life; and this sort of power is not acquired by saying popular things.”

“In science men have discovered an activity of the very highest value in which they are no longer, as in art, dependent for progress upon the appearance of continually greater genius, for in science the successors stand upon the shoulders of their predecessors; where one man of supreme genius has invented a method, a thousand lesser men can apply it.”

“A process which led from the amœba to man appeared to the philosophers to be obviously a progress – though whether the amœba would agree with this opinion is not known.”

“Why? Surely they can find other men.”

“The tendency of our perceptions is to emphasise increasingly the objective elements in an impression, unless we have some special reason, as artists have, for doing the opposite.”

“A great deal of work is sedentary, and most manual work exercises only a few specialized muscles. When crowds assemble in Trafalgar Square to cheer to the echo an announcement that the government has decided to have them killed, they would not do so if they had all walked twenty-five miles that day. This cure for bellicosity is, however, impracticable, and if the human race is to survive – a thing which is, perhaps, undesirable – other means must be found for securing an innocent outlet for the unused physical energy that produces love of excitement. This is a matter which has been too little considered, both by moralists and by social reformers. The social reformers are of the opinion that they have more serious things to consider. The moralists, on the other hand, are immensely impressed with the seriousness of all the permitted outlets of the love of excitement; the seriousness, however, in their minds, is that of Sin. Dance halls, cinemas, this age of jazz, are all, if we may believe our ears, gateways to Hell, and we should be better employed sitting at home contemplating our sins. I find myself unable to be in entire agreement with the grave men who utter these warnings. The devil has many forms, some designed to deceive the young, some designed to deceive the old and serious. If it is the devil that tempts the young to enjoy themselves, is it not, perhaps, the same personage that persuades the old to condemn their enjoyment? And is not condemnation perhaps merely a form of excitement appropriate to old age? And is it not, perhaps, a drug which – like opium – has to be taken in continually stronger doses to produce the desired effect? Is it not to be feared that, beginning with the wickedness of the cinema, we should be led step by step to condemn the opposite political party, dagoes, wops, Asiatics, and, in short, everybody except the fellow members of our club? And it is from just such condemnations, when widespread, that wars proceed. I have never heard of a war that proceeded from dance halls.”

“Apart from autograph hunters, I get… many letters from Hindus, beseeching me to adopt some form of mysticism, from young Americans, asking me where I think the line should be drawn in petting, and from Poles, urging me to admit that while all other nationalism may be bad that of Poland is wholly noble. I get letters from engineers who cannot understand Einstein, and from parsons who think that I cannot understand Genesis, from husbands whose wives have deserted them – not (they say) that that would matter, but the wives have taken the furniture with them, and what in these circumstances should an enlightened male do? …I get letters (concerning whose genuineness I am suspicious) trying to get me to advocate abortion, and I get letters from young mothers asking my opinion of bottle-feeding.”

“The "social contract," in the only sense in which it is not completely mythical, is a contract among conquerors, which loses its raison d'être if they are deprived of the benefits of conquest.”

“In spite of Death, the mark and seal of the parental control, Man is yet free, during his brief years, to examine, to criticise, to know, and in imagination to create. To him alone, in the world with which he is acquainted, this freedom belongs; and in this lies his superiority to the resistless forces that control his outward life.”

“If the Communists conquered the world, it would be very unpleasant for a while, but not forever. But if the human race is wiped out, that is the end.”

“Among human beings, the subjection of women is much more complete at a certain level of civilization than it is among savages. And the subjection is always reinforced by morality.”

“I do not believe that science per se is an adequate source of happiness, nor do I think that my own scientific outlook has contributed very greatly to my own happiness, which I attribute to defecating twice a day with unfailing regularity.”

“Those who forget good and evil and seek only to know the facts are more likely to achieve good than those who view the world through the distorting medium of their own desires.”

“The best authorities are unanimous in saying that a war with H-bombs might possibly put an end to the human race. It is feared that if many H-bombs are used there will be universal death, sudden only for a minority, but for the majority a slow torture of disease and disintegration.
Many warnings have been uttered by eminent men of science and by authorities in military strategy. None of them will say that the worst results are certain. What they do say is that these results are possible, and no one can be sure that they will not be realized. We have not yet found that the views of experts on this question depend in any degree upon their politics or prejudices. They depend only, so far as our researches have revealed, upon the extent of the particular expert's knowledge. We have found that the men who know most are the most gloomy.”

“As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one prove that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think that I ought to say that I am an Atheist, because, when I say that I cannot prove that there is not a God, I ought to add equally that I cannot prove that there are not the Homeric gods.”

“Since Adam and Eve ate the apple, man has never refrained from any folly of which he was capable. The End.”

“Soon after my arrival in Moscow I had an hour's conversation with Lenin in English, which he speaks fairly well… I have never met a personage so destitute of self-importance. He looks at his visitors very closely, and screws up one eye, which seems to increase alarmingly the penetrating power of the other. He laughs a great deal; at first his laugh seems merely friendly and jolly, but gradually I came to feel it rather grim. He is dictatorial, calm, incapable of fear, extraordinarily devoid of self-seeking, an embodied theory. The materialist conception of history, one feels, is his life-blood. He resembles a professor in his desire to have the theory understood and in his fury with those who misunderstand or disagree, as also in his love of expounding, I got the impression that he despises a great many people and is an intellectual aristocrat.
…When I suggested that whatever is possible in England can be achieved without bloodshed, he waved aside the suggestion as fantastic… He described the division between rich and poor peasants, and the Government propaganda among the latter against the former, leading to acts of violence which he seemed to find amusing.”

“A life devoted to science is therefore a happy life, and its happiness is derived from the very best sources that are open to dwellers on this troubled and passionate planet.”

“…it [is] possible to suppose that, if Russia is allowed to have peace, an amazing industrial development may take place, making Russia a rival of the United States.”

“In former days, men sold themselves to the Devil to acquire magical powers. Nowadays they acquire those powers from science, and find themselves compelled to become devils. There is no hope for the world unless power can be tamed, and brought into the service, not of this or that group of fanatical tyrants, but of the whole human race, white and yellow and black, fascist and communist and democrat; for science has made it inevitable that all must live or all must die.”

“There is a further advantage [to hydrogen bombs]: the supply of uranium in the planet is very limited, and it might be feared that it would be used up before the human race was exterminated, but now that the practically unlimited supply of hydrogen can be utilized, there is considerable reason to hope that homo sapiens may put an end to himself, to the great advantage of such less ferocious animals as may survive. But it is time to return to less cheerful topics.”